Biblical Literature NOTES Essay

Biblical Literature NOTES Essay Biblical Literature NOTES Essay Reliability of Scripture- Walter J. Harrelson Debates have raged within the churches with regard to the reliability of this biblical text in its various forms The bible can be said to be reliable if it can be reasonably claimed that is contents as preserved through centuries are what the original writers spoke and said The consensus of biblical scholarship is that readers do indeed have reason to accept current translations of the bible as close approximations to what the biblical authors said and wrote ïÆ'   because the bible is based upon centuries of study of the actual manuscripts of the biblical books, collected and preserved in libraries museums and other repositories around the world The Hebrew text: Hebrew bible (old testament) is available on two complete leather codicesïÆ'   ancient manuscripts in book form dating to the early 10th and early 11th CE. Leningrad codexïÆ'   exact same copy of the OT is available to scholars in printed form Alepo codexïÆ'   makes up a good portion of the OT but some of it has not survived. Codices are what make up the OT dead sea scrolls was a milestone in biblical studies and research Cave 1 findingsïÆ'   provided evidence of the care that harnessed the meaning and texts of the bible ( meaning wasn’t lost) However dead sea scrolls also proved that there were variationsïÆ'   manuscripts found in the dead sea area differs considerably from the medieval biblical codices. Scholars through the centuries have noted the difference between medieval Hebrew text of the Hebrew bible and the text that lies behind the Greek translation made in Egypt by the 2nd century. Other dead sea copies have a text that differs from both the medieval Hebrew and the LXX texts, a phenomenon that has led: 1. some scholars to propose that there exists a fixed text of the Hebrew scriptures in Egypt from which the LXX stems , another fixe text developed in Babylonia from which the medieval Hebrew tradition comes and a third text not so fixed developed in Israel/Palestine 2. other scholars think of a single fixed text of the Hebrew scriptures, completed no later than the 2nd cent. BCE with the text traditions of Egypt Babylonia and Israel/Palestine preserving variations from that single text The Jewish bible consisted of three distinct parts: 1. the law or teaching (Torah) 2. the prophets 3. the writings Masoretes: scholars who continued to work on standardizing the spelling, vocalization, and the arrangement of the text for public reading By 800CE the Hebrew text was fully vocalized (what it is today) Translation of the Hebrew text: Started as early as the 5th century BCE By the 3rd century BCE the largest Jewish community in Egypt found the need to have the Torah translated into Greek which had become the dominant language in the entire eastern Mediterranean world The importance of the greek translation for the early Christian community is unmistakable pauls letters quote from the greek translation and in general the NT shows that the greek OT was more readily at hand for its writers than was the Hebrew bible The Greek new testament: The NT books were written in Hellenistic greek, a development from the classical Greek of earlier times. Most of the lit. was written down during the 1st century although only fragments of NT books are available from as early as the 2nd cent CE manuscripts of the entire NT, which also contain the OT and the apocrypha, date to the middle 4th cent CE and soon thereafter In some churches these apocryphal writings are highly valued treated almost as scripture in the life and piety of the community The Apocrypha: Biblical texts not considered genuine/ not part of the accepted canon of scripture The texts of some of the apocryphal books is as well preserved as the text of the OT and NT Their popularity declined due to the standardization of Hebrew scripture Modern and Contemporary Translations of the Bible: The authorized or kings James version of the bible published in 1611 came to be the

William S. Burroughs Biography

William S. Burroughs Biography Free Online Research Papers American writer, painter, spoken word performer, and legendary persona, William S. Burroughs left behind a deep wave on popular culture that has rippled beyond the realm of literature exclusively. A preeminent figure of the Beat Generation, Burroughs was declared by Norman Mailer to be â€Å"the only American novelist living today who may be conceivably possessed by genius.† The life, literature, and legacy of William S. Burroughs continue to be critically examined today. On February 5, 1914 in St. Louis, Missouri, William Seward Burroughs II was born into a family of relative affluence. His mother, Laura Lee, was the direct descendant of Robert E. Lee, the most celebrated general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. His grandfather on his father Mortimer’s side, from whom William was named after, was the inventor of the adding machine. Mortimer sold the stock to The Burroughs Adding Machine Corporation before William was born, and the corporation eventually evolved into Unisys, which manufactured huge, mainframe computers. Mortimer ran an antique and gift shop, first in St. Louis, then in Palm Beach, Florida. Here and there, brief and sometimes altogether random sensory stimuli will occasionally trigger an unexpected and intense emotional response. Hear a song on the radio and be instantly reminded of your first romantic situation with a significant other. Behold a billboard while on the highway and suddenly recall the happiness of some long ago family vacation. Or, perhaps if youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re lucky, take a snippet of an overheard conversation out of context, something about a road trip, and be blissfully reminded of youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re first encounter with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Beat literature. You know. That time you read à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“On the Road during the summer between your freshman and sophomore years of High School. As with most, my first encounter with what I came to know as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Beat literature was a supremely happy one, and, as with most, those first pangs of pleasure were brought on in response to Jack Kerouacà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“On the Road. A fter all, expect invariably the answer of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Jack Kerouac to the question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“who was your first Beat Generation read and be no guiltier of presumptuous behavior than anyone certain of the effects of gravity. But à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“On the Road only just wet the tongue, so to speak. Indeed I had only just realized the true extent of my literary dehydrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ further research and reading proved imperative, a matter of mental and even physical health. And so began the chain events that would lead inevitably to the heart of the matter, the various works of the father of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Beat literature, the man whom Norman Mailer referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the only American Novelist living today who might conceivably be possessed of genius, Mr. William S. Burroughs. Novelist, essayist, spoken word performer, film actor, film producer, William Seward Burroughs was what you might call a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“heavy hitter in the world of art. I felt pangs of pleasure and intrigue at having read à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“On the Road; my immediate and involuntary responses to Naked Lunch and Junky were simply too weird and perverse to express on this page. However, though a profoundly talented artist, it would be irresponsible to categorize him so singularly. If one i s to truly understand the impressive personality that was William S. Burroughs, one must start from the beginning. On February 5, 1914 in St. Louis, Missouri, William Seward Burroughs II was born into a family of relative affluence. His mother, Laura Lee, was the direct descendant of Robert E. Lee, the most celebrated general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. His grandfather on his father Mortimer’s side, from whom William was named after, was the inventor of the adding machine. Mortimer sold the stock to The Burroughs Adding Machine Corporation before William was born, and the corporation eventually evolved into Unisys, which manufactured huge, mainframe computers. Mortimer ran an antique and gift shop, first in St. Louis, then in Palm Beach, Florida, managing a comfortable upper-class existence. Though, apparently unbeknownst to his parents, Burroughs became aware of his unique personality traits at a young age. In his partial memoir Junky, Burroughs claimed to have been plagued as a child by unusual hallucinations. He also claimed to have been innately predisposed to the purposeful altering of his own consciousness, first by simply running around in circles until he collapsed, achieving the desired dizzying effect, and then through the use of drugs. While attending the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico, Burroughs also realized another important aspect of his personality: his sexual orientation. In a diary he kept at the time of his enrollment, Burroughs detailed an erotic relationship he had with another boy. The school was a boarding school for the wealthy, where the spindly sons of the rich could be transformed into manly specimens. Burroughs was expelled from the institution after he and another boy experimented with the sedative Chloral Hydrate. In 1932, Burroughs left home to earn an arts degree at Harvard University. Upon his graduation in 1936, Burroughs’ parents decided to give him a monthly allowance of $200 dollars, a substantial sum at the time. This was his ticket to freedom, as he was able to forgo employment and enjoy a much richer, if not dangerous lifestyle. Soon after his graduation, Burroughs traveled to Europe, where he married a Jewish woman named Ilse Klapper so she could attain an American visa and escape Nazi persecution. They eventually divorced, and Burroughs began to indulge in a more active homosexual lifestyle. In 1939 his mental health became of concern to his parents after he deliberately severed one of his fingers in order to impress a male love interest. One of his earliest works of fiction, The Finger, was based on this incident. In 1942 Burroughs enlisted in the Army, but after receiving a rank of infantryman as opposed to the position of officer that he desired, he became dejected. He wa s able to secure a discharge based on the fact that he should not have been admitted to the army in the first place to due potentially severe mental instability. h After bopping around a few places and developing a serious addiction to heroin, Burroughs began living with a woman named Joan Vollmer Adams in an apartment they shared with Jack Kerouac and his then wife Edie Parker. Here Burroughs and Kerouac began a joint writing venture they named And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks. Although the work was never completed, Burroughs and Kerouac formed a close bond. Also during this time Joan gave birth to Bill Burroughs’ child, William Burroughs Jr., but the family was forced to flee to Mexico so Bill could escape imprisonment as a result of Marijuana possession. According to Bill, while extremely depressed and drunk at a party, during a game of William Tell, Burroughs accidentally shot and killed his wife while trying to shoot an apple off of her head. It was after this incident that Burroughs truly began his career as a writer. Research Papers on William S. Burroughs BiographyMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Timeline of Historical growth in Terms of Technological Advances Essay

Timeline of Historical growth in Terms of Technological Advances - Essay Example Based on this finding, they recommended the use of MRI technology in identifying chemical compounds (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk) Damadian believed MRI technology to be a means of manipulating genetic characteristics of a living being. Nevertheless, empirical research is ongoing in order to validate this assumption (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk). Clinical application of MRI initiated in US (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk), which revolutionized the world of medicine through providing exclusive integrated knowledge of human physiology, thus assisting physicians in identifying the interdependencies of various human organs with each other. A famous medical equipment company purchased the MRI machine in order to initialize its mass production (Wehrum, 2011). Along with this a diagnostic method for Parkinson’s disease was perfected through integration of MRI (Seibyl, et al., 1997). A sub-dermal scanner through integration of CT and MRI technology was developed at Siemens (Wehrum, 2011), which offered detailed understanding of the interdependencies of various functions in human body. In this modern era of technology, importance of MRI is increasing as a treatment for skin diseases because conventional methods of treatment are reported to be causing significant epidermal damage. On the other hand, MRI technology is believed to be much more effective than traditional treatments. However, MRI also has some consequences for heart patients, because it influences their heart rate in a negative fashion, through causing their heartbeat’s rhythm to collapse. As a result, MRI is not recommended for cardiac patients except in extreme cases. This paper focused on analyzing the history of MRI scanning system in medical science. MRI blessed medicine with the strength to scrutinize internal condition of humans, which was considered absurd in the past. However, at that time, physicians resorted to external

Summary report on a research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Summary report on a research project - Essay Example Historically, dietary monitoring methods have focused on collecting samples which duplicate the diet consumed during a monitoring period by the individual. Such an approach for residential-based exposure measurements and evaluating dietary intake is justified for the following reasons: it includes the contribution of residue contaminants added inadvertently during food preparation in the residence (i.e. bug spray, lead based paint, etc.), and it represents a reasonable measure of daily dietary intake of the individual during the monitoring period (4). Duplicate-diet collection is considered the "gold standard" for estimating dietary exposure to contaminants (5). Additionally, duplicate-diet collection can provide a more accurate picture of nutrient composition of an individual's dietary intake than food diary records. However, duplicate-diet methodology has also been shown to have certain shortcomings (6). For example, the variability in what people eat and the non-uniform distribution of chemical residues in foods over a period of time, duplicate-diet monitoring over a short time period (up to 4 days) provides data that adequately characterize exposure of the population as a whole, but not the individual being monitored. In addition, diet samples collected during short-term field studies may not be representative of long-term dietary intakes. Reports indicate that duplicate diet collections are burdensome and collection and analysis too costly. In addition, there is a social awkwardness of collecting, storing, and transporting additional portions of food, and some situations are simply not appropriate for duplicate diet food collections, such as a picnic) (7). Furthermore, the established indirect methods of assessing dietary intakes (market basket surveys) do not capture the important contribut ions of storage, preparation, and consumption in the residence, or handling by a child. As an alternative to the duplicate diet protocol, the community food item collection methodology was tested. Two focus groups were conducted to pilot test the study protocol. Focus group interviews are a way to obtain qualitative data (8). The group environment promoted purposeful interaction to generate feedback on the proposed research (9). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the community food item collection method as an alternative to the duplicate diet food collection as a valid way to measure the level of exposure to toxins in pregnant women and young children. Specific aims were to: 1) determine whether 60% of the subjects enrolled in the study would provide at least one food item; and 2) to estimate staff effort, cost, and resources necessary to recruit 50 mothers of children 15-24 months to the study. METHODS Study Design Mothers (n = 45) of toddlers 15 - 24 months old were enrolled in a prospective observational study testing the Community Food Collection Potential participants were screened by telephone to determine if eligibility requirements were met. Approximately 87% (n=53) of prospective subjects met eligibility criteria and were mailed consent forms. Overall, 45 mothers provided informed, written consent and were enrolled in the study, and 44 completed the study in its entirety. Eligible mothers were mailed a consent form, a child dietary habits survey, and a child food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Institutional Review Board of the

Shark Cull Oral Essay Example for Free

Shark Cull Oral Essay Does any of you in the class know the themed music for jaws? of course you do, we all do. Because sharks are really scary arnt they? Sadly Films such as this as well as the media have built up this huge reputation of sharks being threatening, alarming ; Dangerous monsters of the sea. Its a tragedy! Today I will be arguing for the rights of these misrepresented sharks and how this new catch and kill policy is completely wrong. Firstly Id like to inform you on what the catch and kill policy actually is. It was a new policy introduced around January by the Western Australia Premier, Colin Barnett due to 6 fatal attacks by sharks in the past 2 years. Barnets plan to combat this is by killing off any sharks which exceed 3 metres long in the Western Australia waters. He has implemented 2 methods. Setting out â€Å"Drum lines† (baited hooks attached to drums) a kilometer of the busy shores and also paying professional fisherman to hunt down Great whites, Tiger sharks ; Bull sharks in designated â€Å"kill zones†. Pretty appalling isnt it? Especially when the Great White shark is an endangered species. 90% of the worlds great white sharks have been killed, and here we are in a country where we greatly appreciate our beaches and marine life are adding to those statistics. Shark are a predator in the ocean and the potential risks of being attacked by them are known but is killing them really the best solution? Scientist from all over Australia, as well as Marine Life Advocates have been trying to drill in to Barnett that there are better solutions available, and that killing them will have no impact on decreasing the fatal attacks. (Why barrnets doing it, his thoughts behind it) Since 2011 39 people have died in Western Australia due to fatal car incidents, that more then triples the deaths caused by shark. So does this mean that it is to dangerous to be driving on our roads? Is this going to be another up coming law to be made by Barnett? A quick, illogical solution to so called protect the people. Western Australia is a common place for shark sightings. Yet the reasons for this is not because of there growing population but due to the increasing numbers of seals and whales heading in to the shallower waters. Even though this is the case, the chance of a fatal attack is still extremely rare. According to a poll from the UMR research company, 80% of Australians havent changed how often they swim, surf or take part in other recreational actives in the ocean, even though there has been a rise in shark attacks. Australian Citizens and anyone else who decides to go and swim at the beach should be well aware of the potential risks of shark attacks.. The ocean is the home to these species, and us? Where just visitors. People keep getting this thought that the increase of shark attacks are due to the increase in there population, but really its the increase in the human population. Gradually as our population grows, more and more people are going to the beaches and participating in water related activities which leads to an increase in shark encounters. Marine life Activists and others who object to this have stated that it is inhumane, unnecessary and environmentally irresponsible. Throughout Australia there are similar programs that run on the eastern coast that use baited hooks and nets to prevent sharks from entering protected beaches, but the reason why WAs proposal is extra controversial is because theyre targeting great whites. The first shark that was killed since the program began was just after 7am on Australia day. It was a 3m female tiger shark caught in meelup beach. The shark had swallowed a large hook attached to a heavy chain in which caused the animal to become increasingly distressed as it was prevented from swimming. The animal thrashed about in the water in apparent agony until it was shot 4 times in the head at a close range with a .22 calibre rifle. Ever since the laws were passed there has been a lot of backlash from the community. There has been major protests all through out australia as well as internationally in New Zealand ; South Africa. Manly Beach protest organiser Alice Forrest, who is an aquarist at Manly Sea Life Sanctuary has said that the cull is not science based, and rather then helping with tourism all its going to do is give WA a redneck reputation and decrease the amount of tourism there. In the 1960’s and 70’s Hawaii implemented a similar proposal which did more bad then good. The program failed to create any kind of significant decrease in shark attacks but managed to kill over 4000 sharks. The fisherman who has been employed to set and monitor drum lines, and kill and dispose sharks is being paid more then $5,700 a day resulting in over $610,000 for the season. The opposition leader Mark McGowen has stated that the cost is exorbitant and is costing tax payers a lot of money that could have gone towards scientific methods to help save lives. Mr Barnett has said that he gets no enjoyment from seeing these shark dies, but he will put his food forward in trying to protect the people. From saying this, the majority of the Western Australian people are against the laws that Barnett has put in place. The Great White Shark is the top predator of the ocean, meaning that it is not hunted by other animals in the waters. The Great White has been listed as an endangered species due to the over hunting of them for shark teeth and there fins. Fatal snake attacks in Australia have risen from 2 to 5 deaths in 2013. The controversy with this is however is that these particular brown snakes are an Australian protected species so that even though they kill us, We will never kill them. And due to the fact that the great whites roam around waters other then Australians, this makes it okay for us to kill those endangered species. Scientists have estimated that Sharks are pregnant for roughly 18 months causing them to have slow reproduction rates. This means that it is hard for them to recover there over hunted population. What the Government is doing is not saving the people, but killing out an endangered species. There is no evidence that suggests that the killing of these sharks will help to prevent shark attacks. Scientists and shark specialists have been on the governments back about this yet they just dont want to hear it. The reality of this is, that whether you like sharks or they do play a crucial role on this planet. If Shark culling keeps going the way it is then it can begin to tamper with our primary air and food sources. Through out the past 450 million years sharks have kept our seas healthy due to being the apex predator of the ocean. The role of sharks is to keep other marine life in a healthy balance. Sharks also have a major impact on the ecosystem that provides for 1/3 of our worlds food, produces more oxygen than all the rain forests combined, removes half of the atmospheres manmade carbon dioxide and controls our planets temperature and weather. A world without sharks means disastrous effects including the collapse of fisheries and the death of coral reefs. Imagine if sharks do become eliminated from ours waters? Our best natural defence against global warming and the lose of more oxygen then what is produced by all the trees and jungles in the world combined. Going back to Jaws, 2 Australians Ron Valery Taylor who were marine conservationists pioneering cameramen for Spielbergs Jaws have stated that they felt a sense of shame in a way, that they made so many people terrified of sharks ; going in the water. The unfortunate side of the successful movie is how theyve demonised this beautiful majestic creature. So What is it going to take? Thousands of people from WA and all parts of Australia have been coming to together to try and put an end to this absolute disgraceful policy, I think its time for the Government to listen before its to late. We cannot let our shark population being become extinct, We cannot let colin Barnett keep killing these sharks We cannot give up on fighting for the rights of these sharks. Its there water, So stop the slaughter!!!!

Jefferson Davis :: essays research papers

Jefferson Davis was born on June, 3rd, 1808, in Christian County, Kentucky. He was educated at Transylvania University and at the U.S. Military Academy. After his graduation in 1828, he served in the army until bad health forced him to residn in 1835. He was a farmer in Mississippi from 1835 to 1845. Then he was elected to the U.S. congress. In 1846, he resigned his seat in order to serve in the Mexican War and fought at Monterrey and Buena Vista, where he was wounded. He was a U.S. Senator from Mississippi from 1847 to 1857, and a U.S. Senator again from 1857 to 1861. As a Senator, he was in support of slavery and states' rights. "He also influenced Pice to sign in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which favored the South and increased the bitterness of the struggle over slavery. (Encarta, Davis Jefferson. 97)" In his second term as a Senator he became the spokesman for the Southern point of view. He opposed the idea of secession from the Union as a way of maintaining the principles in the South. Even after the first steps toward secession had been taken, he tried to keep the Southern states in the Union. When the state of Mississippi seceeded, he withdrew from the Senate. On February 18, 1861, the congress of the Confederate States made him president. He was elected to the office by popular vote for a 6-year term and was inaugurated un Richmond, Virginia, the new capital of the Confederacy. He failed to raise enough money to fight the Civil War and could not obtain help for the Confederacy from foreign governments. One of the accomplishments of Jefferson Dacis, was the raising of the Confederate army. Davis had a difficult task to preform. He was the head of the new nation in the beginnings of a major war. The South had inferior railroads compared to the Union, no navy, no gunpowder mills, and a reat lack of arms and ammunition. "The South's only resource seemed to have been of cotton and courage." (Davis, W. P 128). Despite this, the Confederates demolished the North at the battle of Bull Run. Somehow, with limited resources, Dacis made facotries for arms, cannons, powders and ammunition. Old naval yards were restored and gunboats were built. Davis sent agents to Europe to buy arms and ammunition and representatives were sent to try and secure help from England and France.

Acc 400 Essay

Culotti’s Pizza operates strictly on a carryout basis. Customers pick up their orders at a counter where a clerk exchanges the pizza for cash. While at the counter, the customers can see other employees making the pizzas and the large ovens in which the pizzas are baked. Instructions: Identify the six principles of internal control and give and example of each principle that you might observe when picking up your pizza. (Note: It may not be possible to observe all principles.) The six principles of internal control are establishment of responsibility, Physical, mechanical, and electronic controls, segregation of duties, independent internal verification, documentation procedures, and other controls. 1.Establishment of responsibility: Establishment of responsibility depends on if one or more employees are receiving money from the customer. If this is the case it could cause an issue with the cash register coming up short. The manager would then have difficulty determining which individual is responsible for the shortage. 2.Physical, mechanical, and electronic controls: Physical controls pertain to safeguarding of assets, and records that help protect the company’s assets. Mechanical and Electronic controls safeguard assets and help intensify the accuracy of and responsibility of the records in accounting. Physical, Mechanical, and Electronic controls are imperative which include examples such as Safes, and safety deposit boxes, storage cabinets that are used for inventory and records, pass key access in companies, alarms, television monitors, and time clocks for recording of time. 3.Segregation of duties: Segregation of duties embodies the ideas that responsibility related activities should be delegated to different individuals and that record keeping for an asset should be kept separate from the physical custody of that same asset. When a customer walks into Culotti’s Pizza they can see employees making the pizzas in the oven area. The custody of the asset (in this case the pizza) is being kept separate from the front counter clerk. The front counter clerk stays out of the kitchen and is responsible for ringing up the sale in the register system (documenting the sale) and trading payment for the product. These are two duties that are within customer view that are kept segregat ed. 4.Independent Internal Verification: When walking in to pick up a pizza a  customer may see one employee on the cash register taking the cash from the customers to pay for the pizza. This employee is designated by the owner to maintain custody of the cash on hand. This internal control makes it easy for the owner to track down the person responsible if there are any discrepancies with the cash at the end of the day. A customer may also observe the employee when he or she is reading the register tape. This employee is verifying the transactions on the register tape with the cash that is in the drawer to make that each the amount of each transaction is accounted for by the cash that is in the drawer. 5.Documentation procedures: In the event of this story, there are no document procedures. 6.Other Controls: In consequence of employees handling the cash from the customers, each employee could be bonded, which allows insurance for the business due to the theft of the employees. Rotating the employees on the cash register at set times and making sure each closes their portion at the end of his or her shift. The procedure will allow the company to check each drawer and make sure it is correct. Finally, the company can do a background check on their employees. This information will provide the company with the information on potential employees and if he or she has ever been charged with a crime that relates to theft from another company. CHAPTER 7 PROBLEM SET B: P7-2B (PAGE 359) The board of trustees of a local church is concerned about the internal accounting controls pertaining to the offering collections made at weekly services. They ask you to serve on a three-person audit team with the internal auditor of the university and a CPA who has just joined the church. At a meeting of the audit team and the board of trustees you learn the following: 1. the church’s board of trustees has delegated responsibility for the financial management and audit of financial records to the finance committee. This group prepares the annual budget and approves major disbursements but is not involved in collections or record keeping. No audit has been made in recent years because the same trusted employee as kept church records and served as financial secretary for 15 years. The church does not carry any fidelity insurance. 2. The collection at the weekly service is taken by a team of ushers who volunteer to serve for 1 month. The ushers take the collection plates to a basement office at the rear of the  church. They hand their plates to the head usher and return to the church service. After all plates have been turned in, the head usher counts the cash received. They head usher then places the cash in the church safe along with a notation of the amount counted. The head usher volunteers to serve for 3 months. 3. The next morning the financial secretary opens the safe and recounts the collection. The secretary withholds $150-$200 in cash, depending on the cash expenditures expected for the week, and deposits the remainder of the collections in the bank. To facilitate the deposit, church members who contribute by check are asked to make their checks payable to â€Å"Cash†. 4. Each month the financial secretary reconciles the bank statement and submits a copy of the reconciliation to the board of trustees. The reconciliations have rarely contained any bank errors and have never shown any errors per book. Instructions: (a) Indicate the weakness in internal accounting control in the handling of collections. One weakness in the internal accounting control for handling collections includes the comprehensive use. In the event of internal audit control systems, they can be very broad in their application that creates a weaker audit control system (Vitez, O). A weakness in the handling of collections found could also be one since the cash is handled by multiple ushers and can become time consuming. This weakness also becomes difficult for management situations for the church members that attempt to maintain the proper business practices. The second weakness is the lack of knowledge that the individuals that handle and record the money have. If the ushers that count and record the money do not know how to properly record the fund this could lead to shortages. (b) List the improvements in internal control procedures that you plan to make at the next meeting of the audit team for (1) the ushers, (2) the hea d usher, (3) the financial secretary, and (4) the finance committee. The ushers will be on a rotation for a set amount of time so; every usher will at some point hold the responsibility of collecting the offering. A team of appointed ushers will take up the collection. The ushers will then take the collection to the back area of the church where the funds are counted. Once the money has been collected the ushers will then hand off the collection of funds to the head usher. The head usher will recount the funds received from the collection, and place the funds into the  church safe along with a total count of the funds that were collected. Improvements for the Financial Secretary: After re-counting the cash she should record how much was collected on an accounting record and record how much she kept on hand for that week and how much she deposited in the bank on this same record. Checks should be made payable to the name of the church for example â€Å"Saint Josephs or The First B aptist Church.† Improvements for the Finance Committee: The finance committee should have audits conducted at least once a year at random. The finance committee should run a background check on all members who handle cash. The finance committee should oversee the board of trustees and take final look at all financial records. The finance committee should get fidelity insurance. (c) What church policies should be changed to improve internal control? Audits should be done regularly to ensure the accuracy and that financial records are being completed ethically. I would suggest doing it on a quarterly basis. Additionally, the church should immediately obtain fidelity insurance. I see no problem with the monthly rotation of ushers who collect the donated funds; however they should stay in the basement office and serve as a witness to the counting of donated funds. The head usher should fill out a form stating how much has been received in cash and how much in check donations. The funds should then be placed in a sealed bag with the initials of those present written on the seal. Funds can continue to be placed in the church safe. The financial secretary needs to determine how much money is needed for the weekly expenditures and submit this amount along with the sealed bag of donations to the bank. She should then watch the bank verify the amount of cash and check donations in the sealed bag. The entire amount should be deposited and the financial secretary should then withdrawal the amount needed for the week either by withdrawal slip or check. Everything should be thoroughly documented in the bank’s financial records. Additionally, donations made in the bank form should never be written to cash but rather to the church itself to insure checks are going to the church and not for personal use. The financial secretary’s reconciled b ank statement should be reviewed thoroughly by another person before submittal to the board of trustees. REFERENCES: Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2007). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Vietz, Osmond. Weaknesses in an Internal Audit Control System. (2012).http://www.smallbusiness.chron.com/weaknesses-internal-audit-control-system-3810.html Williams, J. R., Haka, S. F., & Bettner, M. S. (2005). Financial & managerial accounting: The basis for business decisions (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Judicial Department of the Philippines Essay

The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such in lower courts as may be established by law. Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government. Meaning of Judicial Power JUDICIAL POWER is the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the Sate and private persons, or between individual litigants in cases properly brought before the judicial tribunals. Scope of Judicial Power It includes the duty of courts of justice: †¢to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable; and †¢to determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction(infra) on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government †¢to pass upon the validity or constitutionality of the laws of the state and the acts of the other departments of the government; †¢to interpret and construe them; and  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢to render authoritative judgments  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢It likewise includes the incidental powers necessary to the effective discharge of the judicial functions such as the power to punish persons  adjudged in contempt. Giving of Advisory Opinions not a Judicial Function The judiciary is entrusted by the Constitution with the function of deciding actual cases & controversies. It cannot be required by law to exercise any power or to perform any duty not pertaining to, or connected with, the administration of judicial functions. It is not its function to give advisory opinions. It is a function of executive officials. The doctrine of separation of powers calls for the other departments being left alone to discharge their duties as they see fit. The president and congress are not bound to seek the advice of the Judiciary as to what to do or not to do. It is a prerequisite that something had been accomplished or performed by either of them before a court may enter into the picture. At such time, it may pass in the validity of what was done but only when properly challenged in an appropriate legal proceeding. Furthermore, with so many cases pending in courts where in there is an actual and antagonistic assertion between the parties, it would not serve public interest at all if on matters moot and academic their time and attention would still have to be devoted. Judicial Power Vested in One Supreme Court & in Lower Courts Judicial power, under the constitution is â€Å"vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.† The judiciary composed of the courts is one of the three main divisions of power in our government. Under the provision, only the Supreme Court is a constitutional court in a sense of being a creation of the constitution. All other courts including the Sandiganbayan are statutory courts in the sense that they are creations of law. They are referred to as lower courts in the Constitution, meaning courts below the Supreme Court. In the exercise of its legislative power, congress may abolish any or all lower courts and replace them with other courts to the limitation that the reorganization shall not undermine the security of tenure. It cannot, however, abolish the Supreme Court; neither can it create an additional supreme court because the constitution provides for only â€Å"one Supreme Court†. Neither can it abolish the Sandiganbayan because it existence is constitutionally recognized although congress, in the exercise of legislative power, may determine its functions and jurisdiction. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding all lower tribunals. Organization of Courts Regular courts  the Phil. judicial system consist of hierarchy of courts resembling a pyramid with the Supreme Court at the apex. Under the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 are: †¢A Court of Appeals (w/ 51 justices headed by a presiding justice) which operates in 17 divisions each comprising 3 members. The court sits en banc only to exercise administrative, ceremonial, or other non-adjudicatory functions; †¢A Regional Trial Court presided by 720 Regional Trial Judges in each of 13 regions in the country; and †¢A Metropolitan Trial Court in each Metropolitan area established by law; a Municipal Trial Court in every city not forming part of a metropolitan area and in each of the municipalities not comprised within a metropolitan area and a municipal circuit; and a Municipal Circuit Trial Court in each area defined as a municipal circuit comprising one or more cities and/or more municipalities grouped together according to law. A court may consist of several branches. Special courts †¢The Court of Tax Appeals was created under RA No. 1125, as amended which has exclusive appellate jurisdiction to review on appeal decisions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue taxes and decisions of the Commissioner of Customs involving custom duties. †¢The Sandiganbayan was created by PD No. 1606 pursuant to the mandate of the 1973 constitution. It â€Å" shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction† as provided in said decree or as may be provided by subsequent law. Quasi-judicial agencies †¢administrative bodies under the executive branch performing quasi –judicial functions, like the National Labor Relations of the integrated judicial system. The same thing may be said of courts martial. The authority for the ordering of courts martial pertains to the President as Commander-in-Chief independently of legislation to aid him in properly commanding the Armed Forces and enforcing discipline. The Court & Judge Court The body to which the public administration of justice is delegated. It is an entity or body in which a portion of judicial power is vested. Judge A public officer so named in his commission and appointed to preside and to administer the law in a court of justice. Court & Judge Distinguished A court is an incorporeal entity composed of one or more judges. Judge alone  does not necessarily constitute a court for a while he is an indispensable part he is only a part of the court. Court cannot exist without a judge. Importance of Judiciary LORD BRYCE â€Å" Nothing is more clearly touches the welfare and security of the average citizen than his sense that he can rely on the certain and prompt administration of justice. Law is respected and supported when it is trusted as the shield of innocence and the impartial guardian of every private civil right. But if the law is dishonestly administered, salts has lost its savour; if it be weakly or unfaithfully enforced, the guarantees of order fail, for it is more by uncertainty than by severity of punishment that offenses are repressed.† CHANCELLOR JAMES KENT â€Å" where there is no judicial department to interpret and execute the law, to decide controversies, and to enforce right, the government must either perish by its own imbecility or the other departments of government must usurp powers for the purpose of commanding obedience, to the destruction of liberty.† MR. JUSTICE ARTHUR VANDERBILT â€Å"It is in the court and not in the legislature that our citizens primarily feel the keen cutting edge of the law, If they have respect for the works of the courts, their respect for law will survive the shortcomings of any other branch of the government; but if they lose their respect for the works of the courts, their respect for law and order will banish with it to the great detriment of society.† Independence of the Judiciary †¢Congress may not deprive the supreme court of the constitutional powers granted to it †¢Congress cannot prescribe the manner in which the supreme Court should sit, and determine the number of justices composing the court. †¢The Supreme Court is given the authority to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary. †¢The members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts enjoy security of tenure. †¢Their salaries cannot be decreased during their continuance in office. †¢The members of the supreme court can only be removed trough the difficult process of impeachment. †¢ The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. SECTION 2 The congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various court but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in section 5 here of. No law shall be passed reorganizing the Judiciary when it undermines the security of tenure of its Members. 3 Limitation to the Exercise of Power 1.No law shall be passed reorganizing the judiciary when it undermines security of tenure guaranteed for section 10; 2.The congress cannot diminish or other wise impair the original and appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over cases enumerated in section 5; 3. No law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court without its advice and concurrence. Jurisdiction of Courts †¢General †¢Limited †¢Original †¢Appellate †¢Exclusive †¢Concurrent †¢Criminal †¢Civil SECTION 3 The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. Appropriations for the judiciary may not be reduced by the legislature below the amount appropriated for the previous year and, after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released. SECTION 4 The Supreme Court shall be composed of a chief justice and fourteen associate justices. It may sit en banc or in its sit discretion, in division of three, five, seven Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from the occurrence thereof. All cases involving the constitutionality of a treaty, international or executive agreement, or law, which shall be heard by the Supreme Court en banc, and all other cases which under the rules of are required to be hear en banc, including those involving the constitutionality, application, or operation of presidential decrees, proclamation, orders, instructions, ordinances and other regulations, shall be decided with the majority of the members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon. Cases or matters heard by the division shall be decided or resolve with the concurrence of the majority of the members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon, and in no case, without the concurrence of at least three of such members. When the required number is not obtained, the case shall be decided en banc: Provided that no doctrine or principle of law laid down by the court in a decision rendered en banc or in division may be modified or reversed except by the court sitting en banc. Composition of the Supreme Court The new constitution retained the membership of the supreme court of 15  members including the chief justice under the 1973 charter (sec.4). The phrase â€Å"unless otherwise provided by law† in the 1935 constitution was deleted in the 1973 constitution clearly showing the intention to withdraw from congress the power to alter the composition of the supreme court. The constitution requires any vacancy to be filled within 90 days from the occurrence thereof. Sitting Procedure The supreme court may sit in en banc (i.e..as one body) or in division of three, five or seven members. On the basis of fifteen members the number of division will be five, three or two meeting separately. Cases to be heard or decided en banc and vote required 1.All cases involving the constitutionality of a treat, international .or executive agreement, or law (statute). 2.All other cases including those involving the constitutionality, application or operation of presidential decrees, proclamations, orders, instructions, ordinances and other regulations. 3.Administrative cases where the decision is for the dismissal of a judge of a lower court. 4.Cases heard by a division. 5.Cases modifying or revising a doctrine or principle of law. Meaning of Executive Agreement Is an agreement entered into by the resident on behalf of the Philippines with the government of another country and is effective and binding upon the Philippines without the concurrences of congress. Classes of Executive Agreements Those made purely as executive acts affecting external relations and independent of legislative authorization.. They may be taken the form of a  protocol, an instrument supplementary to a treaty or convention, exchange of notes, and other types of documents. Those entered into in pursuance of acts of congress. They affect internal affairs and domestic rights. They include tariff and postal arrangements, visa fees, commercial relations, and matters affecting trademarks and copyrights, and the like. Meaning of Power of Judicial Review Is the power of the courts, ultimately of the Supreme Court, to interpret the Constitution and to declare any legislative or executive act invalid because it is in conflict with the fundamental law. Limitations on exercise of power of judicial review 1.There must be a concurrence of at least a majority of the members who actually took part in the deliberations on the issues in the case and voted thereon. 2.A law, etc., must be sustained unless clearly repugnant to the Constitution in view of the presumption of validity. 3.The question of wisdom, propriety, or necessity of a law, etc.,is not open to determination by the court. 4.Political questions are generally addressed to the political (i.e., elective) branches (namely, the Presidentand congress) of the government and are, therefore, not jusiciable. Justiciable distinguished from Political question †¢ A justiciable question- is one which affects personal or property rights accorded to every member of the community in cases if properly brought before the judical tribunals. †¢ A political question – is one which under the Constitution, â€Å"is to be decided by the people in their sovereign capacity, or in regard to which full discretionary authority has been delegated to the legislative or executive branch of the government.† SECTION 5. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers: 1.Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and the consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and the habeas corpus. 2.Review, revise, reverse, modify or affirm on appeal or certiorari as the law or the Rules of Court may provide final judgments and orders of lower courts in: a.All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regular is in question. b.All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto. c. all cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue. d.All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher. e.All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved. 3.Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest may require. Such temporary assignment shall not exceed six months without the consent of the judge concerned. 4.Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice. 5.Promulgate rules concerning the protection and the enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to practice of law, the Integrated Bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, or increase or modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judical bodies shall remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. 6. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law.

Collection of Quotations about Courage

Collection of Quotations about Courage A courageous person is one who stands tall in times of adversity, someone who follows his or her convictions despite difficult odds. You need a great deal of courage to reattempt a task after initial failure. Sometimes it can help to hear the words of other people who have gone through crises and been successful at overcoming obstacles. When problems loom large, reading some of these quotes of courage can give you renewed hope and a fresh perspective. Quotes About Courage from Athletes There may be people that have more talent than you, but theres no excuse for anyone to work harder than you do. - Derek Jeter, retired New York Yankees shortstop who won five World Series titles with the team.   It isnt the mountains ahead to climb that wear you out; its the pebble in your shoe. - Muhammad Ali, heavyweight champion boxer who defied racism and other obstacles.   Courage Quotes from Politicians Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.- Winston Churchill It is only through labor and painful effort, by grim energy and resolute courage, that we move on to better things.- President Theodore Roosevelt Efforts and courage are not enough without purpose and direction.- President  John F. KennedyYou gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing which you think you cannot do. - Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady to President Fraklin Delano Roosevelt. I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.-   Nelson Mandela There are no easy answers, but there are simple answers. We must have the courage to do what we know is morally right.   - Ronald Reagan Quotes about Courage from Writers History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not be lived again.   -   Maya Angelou, American writer and poet who overcame a difficult childhood.   Life shrinks or expands in proportion to ones courage.   - Anais Nin It takes a lot of courage to show your dreams to someone else.  - Erma Bombeck, American writer and humorist.It is a blessed thing that in every age someone has had enough individuality and courage to stand by his own convictions.- Robert G. Ingersoll, Civil War veteran and orator Anonymous Quotes About Courage Sometimes, the most inspiring thoughts come from people whose names and identities have been lost to history. That doesnt make the sentiments any less compelling. Here are a few anonymous quotes about courage.   Courage is not defined by those who fought and did not fall, but by those who fought, fell and rose again.Each time we face our fear, we gain strength, courage, and confidence in the doing. True courage is not the absence of fear but the willingness to proceed in spite of it.

The Pearl Review

'The Pearl' Review The Pearl (1947) is somewhat of a departure from some of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹John Steinbecks earlier works. The novel has been compared to Ernest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea (1952). The seeds of Steinbecks The Pearl began to germinate in 1940 when he was traveling in the Sea of Cortez and heard a story about a young man who found a large pearl. From that basic outline, Steinbeck reinvented the tale of Kino and his young family to include his own experiences, including in his novel the recent birth of a son, and how that exhilaration affects a young man. The novel is also, in some ways, a representation of his long appreciation of Mexican culture. He made the story into a parable, warning his readers of the corrupting influences of wealth.​ Be Careful What You Wish For... In The Pearl, Kinos neighbors all knew what good fortune could do to him, his wife, and his new baby boy. That good wife Juana, they said, and the beautiful baby Coyotito, and the others to come. What a pity it would be if the pearl should destroy them all.Even Juana tries to throw the pearl into the sea to free them from its poison. And she knew that Kino was half insane and half god... that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it. But, she needed him yet, and she would follow him, even as he admits to his brother: This pearl has become my soul... If I give it up I shall lose my soul.The pearl sings to Kino, telling him of a future where his son will read and he may become something more than a poor fisherman. In the end, the pearl doesnt fulfill any of its promises. It only brings death and emptiness. As the family returned to their old house, the people around them said that they seemed removed from human experienc e, that they had gone through pain and had come out the other side; that there was almost a magical protection about them.

An article on the Consitution of The US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An article on the Consitution of The US - Essay Example ted States are entitled within restraint of the law and are still in use today as much as they had ever been, with the first ten articles being known as the Bill of Rights. Although every state had something to gain from the signing of the Constitution, it was Pennsylvania that had much to strive for by the new laws written in the document, such as more freedom and more rights that they could benefit from, as well as having the honor of being the location decided upon for the convention to take place. When it comes to politics, many people find it hard to become excited, yet by becoming the home of such an important event and document, the people of Pennsylvania quickly felt like they were truly Americans. Of the thirty-nine delegates to sign the Constitution, eight of them came from and represented Pennsylvania: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jered Ingersoll, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris (Webster, 2010). All of these Pennsylvanian men are also considered to be among the Founding Fathers of the United States as they were behind some of the more drastic changes that the nation has ever seen, including the signing of the documents that would change the laws and freedoms in which a United States citizen was entitled to, as well as presidencies and highly looked upon government careers. All of these men had strong political backgrounds and experiences with working for law-driven changes, which gave them the knowledge that they needed to adopt the laws and articles in the Constitution. As political figures, they knew what citizens required to live free, fulfilling lives, as well as what legal issues needed to be addressed, such as what rights citizens were entitled to and what rights needed to be altered in accordance to the demands of the citizens and the needs of the time, like gun laws and criminal rights laws. It had been readily agreed upon that the people that should be in charge of creating such laws

Steve Ballmer's New Life as an NBA Owner- TEAM BUILDER Essay

Steve Ballmer's New Life as an NBA Owner- TEAM BUILDER - Essay Example Moreover, he promises to fund the team operation and ensure that they use the most recent technology in the teams operation. Therefore, Los Angeles Clippers will charm the finest basket players in the America (Vance). Furthermore, plier to Ballmer acquisition the Los Angeles has suffered a bad reputation of favouring white players and disregarding the blacks. For this issue, Ballmer’s has vowed to address and ensure only a players ability and race will determine a Los Angeles baskets ball team (Vance). In the long run, the Los Angeles Clippers will be a top team in the country. Having invested his skills and resources in the club, Ballmer’s is ensured of a good return on investment. Moreover, by concentrating the best players the club will attract huge followers and who in return will contribute to the growth of the club finances. Therefore, Ballmer’s venture in Los Angeles Clippers will bring forth more medal than have been witnessed there before in the